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   冠词和数词

  2.1 不定冠词的用法

  冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。

  不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。

  1) 表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。

  A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.

  2) 代表一类人或物。

  A knife is a tool for cutting with.

  Mr. Smith is an engineer.

  3) 词组或成语。

  a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden

  三十五个经典句型 帮你过写作关(英语四级)

  一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

  ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

  例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

  海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

  Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

  张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

  二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V

  Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

  例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education.

  没有比接受教育更重要的事。

  三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.

  (再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。)

  例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

  我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

  四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...)

  例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

  不可否认的,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

  五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道...)

  例句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

  全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

  六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的...)

  例句:There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

  毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

  七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的优点是...)

  例句:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won‘t create (produce) any pollution.

  使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

  八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...)

  例句:The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

  The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

  我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

  九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此...以致于...)

  例句:So precious is time that we can‘t afford to waste it.

  时间是如此珍贵,我们经不起浪费它。

  十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然...)

  例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.

  {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}

  虽然我们的国家富有,我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

  十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

  The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~(愈...愈...)

  例句:The harder you work, the more progress you make.

  你愈努力,你愈进步。

  The more books we read, the more learned we become.

  我们书读愈多,我们愈有学问。

  十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借着...,..能够..)

  例句:By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

  借着做运动,我们能够始终保持健康。

  十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (..使..能够..)

  例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.

  听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

  十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ (我们绝对不能...)

  例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

  我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

  十五、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是...的时候了)

  例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

  该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

  十六、Those who ~~~ (...的人...)

  例句:Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

  违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

  十七、There is no one but ~~~ (没有人不...)

  例句:There is no one but longs to go to college.

  没有人不渴望上大学。

  十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...)

  例句:Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.

  既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃做运动。

  十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的)

  It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的)

  It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的)

  例句:It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

  可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

  二十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是...的原因)

  例句:Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don‘t like it.

  夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

  二十一、For the past + 时间,S + 现在完成式...(过去...年来,...一直...)

  例句:For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.

  过去两年来,我一直忙着准备考试。

  二十二、Since + S + 过去式,S + 现在完成式。

  例句:Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

  自从他上高中,他一直很用功。

  二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ (...是值得的。)

  例句:It pays to help others.

  帮助别人是值得的。

  二十四、be based on (以...为基础)

  例句:The progress of thee society is based on harmony.

  社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

  二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的)

  We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

  我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

  二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 (让...明白...事)

  例句:We should bring home to people the value of working hard.

  我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。

  二十七、be closely related to ~~ (与...息息相关)

  例句:Taking exercise is closely related to health.

  做运动与健康息息相关。

  二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving

  = make it a rule to + V (养成...的习惯)

  We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

  我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

  二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ (因为...)

  例句:Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.

  因为他的鼓励,我终于实现我的梦想。

  三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么...!)

  例句:What an important thing it is to keep our promise!

  How important a thing it is to keep our promise!

  遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

  三十一、Leave much to be desired (令人不满意)

  例句:The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

  我们的交通状况令人不满意。

  三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ (对...有很大的影响)

  例句:Smoking has a great influence on our health.

  抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

  三十三、do good to (对...有益),do harm to (对...有害)

  例句:Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。

  Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

  三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ (对...造成一大威胁)

  例句:Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

  污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。

  三十五、do one‘s utmost to + V = do one‘s best (尽全力去...)

  例句:We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.

  我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

  常见标点符号的用法

  句号 Period [.]

  用以表示一个句子的结束

  Hockey is a popular sport in Canada.

  The federal government is based in Ottawa.

  用在缩写中

  B.C. is the province located on the West Coast.

  Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China.

  The company is located at 888 Bay St. in Toronto.

  It is 4:00 p.m. in Halifax right now.

  问号 Question Mark [?]

  在句子的结尾使用问号表示是直接疑问句:

  How many provinces are there in Canada?

  注意:在间接疑问句结尾不要加问号:

  The teacher asked the class a question.

  Do not ask me why.

  叹号 Exclamation Mark [!]

  在句子的结尾使用叹号表示惊讶、兴奋等情绪:

  We won the Stanley Cup!

  The forest is on fire!

  逗号 Comma [,]

  句子中的停顿

  Therefore, we should write a letter to the prime minister.

  在疑问句中引出说话人:

  "I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."

  排列三个或以上的名词:

  Ontario, Quebec, and B.C. are the three biggest provinces.

  引出定语从句

  Emily Carr, who was born in 1871, was a great painter.

  单引号 Apostrophe [']

  表示所有

  This is David's computer.

  These are the player's things. (things that belong to the player)

  Note: 对于复数形式的名词,只加'

  These are the players' things. (things that belong to the players)

  缩写I don't know how to fix it.

  [NextPage]

  引号Quotation Marks ["]

  直接引出某人说的话:

  The prime minister said, "We will win the election."

  "I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."

  冒号Colon [:]

  引出一系列名词

  There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defence, and forward.

  引出一个较长的引语

  The prime minister said: "We will fight. We will not give up. We will win the next election."

  分号Semicolon [;]

  将两个相关的句子连接起来

  The festival is very popular; people from all over the world visit each year.

  和逗号一同使用引出一系列名词

  The three biggest cities in Canada are Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; and Vancouver, B.C.

  破折号Dash [-]

  在一个句子前作总结

  Mild, wet, and cloudy - these are the characteristics of weather in Vancouver.

  在一个句子的前面或后面加入额外的注释

  The children - Pierre, Laura, and Ashley - went to the store. Most Canadians - but not all - voted in the last election.

  表示某人在说话过程中被打断

  The woman said, "I want to ask - " when the earthquake began to shake the room.

  连字符Hyphen [-]

  连接两个单词

  sweet-smelling

  fire-resistant

  将前缀

  anti-Canadian

  non-contact

  在数字中使用

  one-quarter

  twenty-three

  英语六级词汇与语法结构命题趋势

  词汇命题趋势

  《大学英语教学大纲修订稿》对大学英语基础阶段词汇教学的较高要求(六级)规定如下:

  领会式掌握的单词为5,500个,其中复合式掌握的单词为3,000个,以及由这些词构成的常用词组2000条(中学所掌握的单词和词组包括在内),并具有按照构词法识别生词的能力,领会式掌握是指看到英语单词能理解其词义,复合式掌握是指能正确拼写单词并掌握其基本词义和用法。大学英语六级测试就是检验学生是否达到了较高要求。

  在大学英语六级考试中,词汇和语法同属一个考试项目,考试时间为20分钟,考试题数为30个,计分为每小题0.5分,其计15分。题目分配:30道题中,约60%(18道题)为词和短语的用法,约40%(12道题)为语法结构。可见,与四级测试相比而言,六级更重视词汇的测试。考试范围为教学大纲词汇表一至六级全部内容。测试词汇量大约5000~5300个单词及一定量的习语,涉及动词、动词短语、名词、形容词和副词等,目的是为了测试学生运用词、短语的能力。

  从历年大学英语六级考试的试卷分析可以看出:词汇测试主要集中在词义的记忆与辨析、词汇的搭配与用法等项目上,归纳起来,可大致分为下列几种:?

  1.同义、近义辨析题 词汇区别是词汇测试的一个重要方面,它主要是对同义词或近义词在含义与用法上进行区别。这类试题的选项是四个词性相同、词义相同或相近的词。测试的目的在于检测考生辨别词义和运用词汇的能力。词汇区别一直是学生在学习英语过程中遇到的一大难题。这主要是由于他们没有掌握汉英两种语言在词汇方面的差异,往往只注意英语的汉语释义,而忽略了其本身的内在涵义和用法。 eg. The driver of the lorry sustained only minor to legs and arms. A. hurt B. wound C. harm D. injury 答案 D。餐车司机的腿和胳膊只受了一些轻伤。这道题测试考生对同义词细微差别的辨别能力。四个选项中的名词都含有“伤害”之意,但它们之间还有语义使用范围上的细微差别。hurt多指“感情、精神”上的伤害。wound多指由枪炮等武器所造成的伤害。harm指危害、害伤。injury指在事故、战争中所受的伤害。根据题意,答案应选D。

  2.近形词汇题 英语词汇中,有一些拼写很相似,但它们的词义或词性却不同。英语六级考试的一条重要命题规律就是用形近词来干扰考生作出正确选择。其目的是要检测考生辨别词形和运用词汇的能力。如果考生平时不善于对形近词进行自觉的对比,对它们的差异不甚了解,那就会在答题时绯徊不定,难以作出正确的选择,甚至张冠李戴。? eg.Though the long term cannot be predicted, the project has been approved by the committee. A.affect B.effect C.effort D.afford 答案 B。尽管工程的远期效果还无法预测,委员会还是批准了这项工程。这四个词拼写相似,但它们的词义或词性却不同。affect动词,意为“影响”;effect为名词,意为“效果”;effort名词,意为“努力”;afford动词,意为“负担得起;提供”。掌握了它们之间的这些差异,你会毫不犹豫地选择B。

  3.词组与习惯用法辨析题 1)动词短语搭配 英语动词短语是英语的难点之一,它是由动词+副词、动词+介词、动词+副词+介词几种方式构成的惯用组合,具有自己独特的意义。其意义、语法、用法等常使考生感到困难。首先,动词短语的词义不是动词和副词、介词等小品词的简单组合,往往难以从字面上理解。其次,动词短语的使用场合及范围不易弄清楚。第三,同义、近义和反义的动词短语容易混淆。要学好英语,必须学会使用动词短语。测试动词短语的题目在词汇题中占有很大的比例,其目的是测试考生辨别和运用动词短语,尤其是同一动词所构成的不同动词短语的能力。? eg.The car won't start because the battery was ._______ A.run up B.run down C.run off D.run over 答案 B。蓄电池电力减弱了,因此汽车无法发动起来。这是一个因果关系的句子。“汽车为什么发动不起来?”原因是“电池电力减弱”。四个选项中,只有run down有“减弱”之意,其它三个选择项与本句意思不合。run up表示“增长”,run off“逃离”;run over“溢出”。如果考生掌握了这四个动词短语的含义,就会作出正确的选择了。?

  2)习惯用语题 英语习语(English idiom)具有特有的、约定俗成的结构形式,如“步行”,可说on foot,不说by foot,而“乘车”要说by bus,不说on bus。再如anything but与nothing but两个词组意义完全不同anything but的基本意思是not at all,而nothing but的基本意思是only。英语中的习语令人眼花缭乱,其构成形式有的甚至无规律可循。它们通常由两个或两个以上的词组成,不能任意拆开。其意义常常不是单词意义的简单结合,而是另外具有新的意义。因此,应把词组作为一个整体来记。测试的目的是检验考生对常用词组的理解和运用能力。? eg.Please don't stand in the kitchen door, you're ______ . A.in a way B.by the way C.in no way D.in the way 答案 D。不要站在厨房门口,你挡路了。这四个选择项都是固定词组,都有自己的含义。in a way表示“在某种程度上或某点上”;by the way“顺便说一下”;in no way“决不”;in the way表示“挡路,妨碍”;“阻止”。根据题意答案应为D。学生面对这些貌似杂乱无章,没有规律可循的习惯表达法,一方面要广读多看,博词强记;另一方面还要会寻找规律,学会归纳,避免机械记忆而事倍功半。 总而言之,解答词汇题的先决条件是对词汇的理解和辨析。因此考生平时要注意弄清楚词的内涵和外部关系,尤其是要注意了解名词、动词、形容词等实词彼此之间以及它们与介词或副词之间的搭配关系。与此同时,还要留心词的惯用法,把习语作为一个整体储存在脑海里。


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